Tissues: Plant and Animal Tissues

The two basic types of plant tissues are:

1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent tissue

1. Permanent tissue.
2. Parenchyma.
3. Collenchyma.
4. Xylem and Phloem.

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
   Corrected statement — The sclerenchyma consists of dead cells with thick walls.

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Glandular epithelium
3. Muscular tissue
4. Nervous tissue

1. Trachea (windpipe)
2. Pinna of the ear
3. Iris of the eye

1. They are elastic.
2. It is hard and porous tissue with good supply of blood vessels and nerve cells.
3. They are voluntary muscles.
4. They do not get tired.

1. True
2. False
   Corrected Statement — Axons bundled together form a nerve.
3. False
   Corrected Statement — Cardiac muscles do not get tired.
4. False
   Corrected Statement — Epithelial cells leave no space in between.
5. False
   Corrected Statement — Perikaryon is the cell body of a nerve cell.
6. False
   Corrected Statement — Muscles of the iris of the eye are of involuntary type.
7. True

Parenchyma

Reason — Parenchyma tissue stores food, as in potatoes.
Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support. Collenchyma provides flexible support to growing parts like stems and leaves. Chlorenchyma performs photosynthesis.

Fibrous connective tissue

Reason — Tendons and ligaments are fibrous connective tissue connecting muscle to bone and bone to bone respectively.
Tendons and ligaments are not cartilage. Cartilage is a supporting connective tissue. Tendons and ligaments are not muscle tissue. Muscular tissue is responsible for movement. Adipose tissue is not related to tendons or ligaments. It stores fat.

Meristem — Actively dividing cells

Reason — Meristems are actively dividing cells found at the growing regions of a plant.
Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant. Phloem transports food made during photosynthesis. Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support.

Chlorenchyma

Reason — Parenchyma containing chloroplasts is called chlorenchyma and performs photosynthesis.
Aerenchyma is modified parenchyma with large air spaces but not related to chloroplasts. Collenchyma provides flexible support to growing parts.

Layers of Xylem in a stem.

Reason — Older xylem forms wood and does not take part in transport. The annual rings seen in woody stems are formed due to successive layers of xylem.
Internodes are segments between two nodes. Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles, not rings. Bark is the outer protective covering of stems. It does not form annual rings.

Sclerenchyma

Reason — Sclerenchyma cells are dead at maturity and have lignified walls.
Meristematic cells are actively dividing. Parenchyma cells are living and thin-walled. Collenchyma cells are living and have unevenly thickened walls.

Tendon

Reason — Tendons are connective tissues that connect muscles to bones.
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in the nose, ear and joints. Ligaments connect bone to bone. Interstitial fluid is the fluid present between cells.

Glandular epithelium

Reason — The cells that release secretion, consist of Glandular epithelium.

Apical meristem

Reason — Apical meristem helps in the growth of plants lengthwise.
Lateral meristem is responsible for increase in thickness in plants. Parenchyma helps in storage, photosynthesis, repair. Collenchyma provides flexible support to growing parts of the plant.

Involuntary and Striated.

Reason — Cardiac muscle is involuntary in function. Its fibres are striated, uninucleate and branched.

P — Bone, Q — Cartilage

Reason — Bone is a supportive connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves, whereas cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves.
Areolar tissue and adipose tissue are loose connective tissues, not supporting skeletal tissues.

Neeta and Isha

Reason — Cardiac muscles are striated (having light and dark bands), involuntary (works without conscious control) and branched.

P — Sclerenchyma, Q — Collenchyma

Reason — Sclerenchyma is made of dead cells. Cell walls are thickened with lignin, making them rigid and supportive. Collenchyma is made of living cells and are elongated. Cell walls are unevenly thickened at the corners, providing flexible support.
Parenchyma cells are living and has thin, uniform cell walls.

Cartilage

Reason — Cartilage is a supporting or skeletal connective tissue, not connective tissue proper.
Areolar tissue and adipose tissue are connective tissue proper, and ligament is a fibrous connective tissue.

The cell shown above is the basic structural and functional unit of the Nervous system . Each cell consists of a round or oval body, called Cell body containing the nucleus. It has one or more elongated hair-like extensions called Dendrites or Nerve fibers . One of these extensions is very long and is termed as Axon . Many of these extensions are bundled together to form a Nerve .

1. The apical meristem is present at the tip of plant roots.
2. The epidermis , is found on the lower surface of leaf.
3. The intestinal epithelium is present in the inner lining of the intestine.
4. Ligament is present at the joint between the two bones.
5. Conducting tissue (vascular bundles) is present in the walls of the veins of leaves.
6. Sclerenchyma is the tissue found as gritty masses in the skin of pears.

The least specialized tissue in plants is located in roots, fruits and stem of the plant. It is known as the Parenchyma.

1. Tissue
2. Parenchyma
3. Cambium

1. Tip of roots
2. Tip of the nose
3. Found lining the nasal and mouth cavities, blood vessels
4. Veins and stems of leaves
5. Lining of wind pipe
6. The ACL attaches the thighbone to the shinbone

1. The cells present in the salivary gland are cuboidal epithelium cells.
2. The cells present in the brain are Neuron.
3. The cells present in the surface of the human skin are simple epithelium cells.
4. The cells present in the inner lining of the wind pipe are ciliated columnar epithelium cells.

We find ciliated epithelium tissue in the lining of the trachea.

Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it. These hairs called cilia move back and forth to help move particles out of our body.

1. A tissue is group of similar cells performing a specific function.
2. Several tissues together contributing to some specific function inside the body, constitute an organ.
3. Group of organs performing specific life function is called organ system.
4. Lymph is the fluid surrounding the body cells. It is essentially the blood plasma that has oozed out of the blood vessels. It contains white blood cells.
5. Neuron (nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the nervous system specialized to transmit information in the form of electrical impulses to different parts of the body.

1. Stems and veins of the leaves.
2. Leaf stalks and below the epidermis of stems.
3. The trachea.
4. Heart.

The tissues found in the human heart are:

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Muscular tissue

No, we cannot consider a cluster of eggs as a tissue. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin and performing a common function. A cluster of eggs is not a tissue since each egg has individual function and they don't function as a group.

The three kinds of muscles found in the human body are -

1. Skeletal muscle – They are found in biceps
2. Smooth muscle – Intestines and stomach
3. Cardiac muscle – Heart

(a) Difference between Parenchyma and Collenchyma (cellular structure):

(b) Difference between Meristematic and Permanent tissue (cell division):

(c) Difference between Blood and Lymph (cellular components):

(d) Difference between Bone and Cartilage (porosity):

(e) Difference between Voluntary and Involuntary muscles (shape and cellular structure):

1. Cell and Tissue

2. Organ and Organism

3. Organ and Organelle

4. Organ and Organ System

1. The given diagram is a longitudinal section of a phloem tissue of a plant as the cells exhibit cellular contents.

2. The following parts are labelled:

   • 1 → Sieve cell
   • 2 → Phloem parenchyma cell
   • 3 → Companion cell
   • 4 → Sieve plate

3. This tissue is likely to be found in the stem and leaves as it is the tissue that conducts food, the manufactured food in the leaves needs to be transported to other parts of the plant.

4. The functions of the labelled parts are as follows-

   • 1 → Sieve cell — Assists in transporting food from leaves to storage structures and other plant parts.
   • 2 → Phloem parenchyma cell — Stores fat, starch and other organic food material.
   • 3 → Companion cell — Facilitates the functioning of the cells of sieve tube.
   • 4 → Sieve plate — Dissolved organic solutes and water permeates through these structures as it contains perforations.

1. The cell is the neuron or the nerve cell.
2. The labelled parts are:
   • 1 → Perikaryon/Cyton
   • 2 → Axon
   • 3 → Nucleus
   • 4 → Nissl Granules
   • 5 → Neurolemma
   • 6 → Axon endings
3. In human body, the nerve cell is found in the nervous system.
   Function:
   1. Transmission of messages from one to another body part.
   2. It is linked with the response and perception of animals.

1. Tissue A is Cartilage. Tissue B is Bone.

2. Fig. A

   • 1 → Matrix
   • 2 → Cell

   Fig. B

   • 1 → Concentric Lamellae
   • 2 → Haversian Canal
   • 3 → Bone cell

3. Common function of both the tissue is providing support.

4. Cartilage provides support to flexible and elastic parts of body like trachea while bone is hard and provides structural support to the body.

5. A → Bronchial tubes
   B → Ribs

1. Tendons and Ligaments are two fibrous connective tissue.

2. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments connect bone to bone.

3. Below diagram shows fibrous connective tissue with four of its important parts labelled:

(a) Phloem tissue. It is a complex permanent tissue.
(b)

(c) The role of phloem is transportation of food from the leaves to all parts of the plant.

A is True and R is False.

Reason — A is True as the lateral meristem is responsible for secondary growth, i.e., the increase in girth of stems and roots.
R is False because apical meristem is found at the tips of roots, stems, and axillary buds, and it contributes to length-wise growth.

Therefore, A is True and R is False is the correct option.

A is false and R is True.

Reason — A is false as collenchyma cells are long and narrow, but their thickening is due to cellulose and pectin, not lignin. Lignin is found in sclerenchyma, not collenchyma.
R is True as collenchyma store food and provides mechanical support, to growing parts like young stems and leaves.

Therefore, A is false and R is True is the correct option.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true because tracheids are elongated, dead cells with large empty cavities.
R is true because tracheids have lignified wall thickenings and therefore provide mechanical support. However, R does not explain A.

Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

A is False and R is True.

Reason — A is False as lymph is a fluid connective tissue, but it contains white blood cells (WBCs), especially lymphocytes.
R is True as lymph plays a role in transporting nutrients, fats, and waste and it also provides immunity.

Therefore, A is False and R is True is the correct option.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as cardiac muscles are striated, uninucleated and branched. They are found only in the heart.
R is true as cardiac muscles can contract without external nerve stimulation. They work continuously without getting tired. But the reason does not explain the structural features mentioned in the assertion.

Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason (R): A is true as Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
R is true as Phloem transports food (sugars) from leaves to other parts. The reason correctly explains how these tissues carry out transportation.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

(a) The tissue is Meristematic tissue.

(b) Two locations where this tissue is found are tips of roots and shoots.

(c) Two characteristic features of the cells of this tissue are:

1. Cells are small, actively dividing, with dense cytoplasm.
2. Cells have thin cell walls and a large prominent nucleus.

(d) The two main categories of this tissue are:

1. Apical or Terminal meristem
2. Lateral or Cambium meristem