Model Test Paper 2

(A) is true but (R) is false

Explanation — Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement System in 1793 in Bengal and Bihar. The Ryotwari System was introduced in 1820 by British officials, Alexander Reed and Thomas Munro, who recommended that settlement should be made directly with the actual cultivators or Ryots.

R and S

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

Promoting Swadeshi Goods

South Sudan

Cornwallis

The General Assembly

Ryotwari System

1945

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation — The Simon Commission indeed had no Indian representatives, which caused widespread anger across the country. Because of this exclusion, all major political parties in India including the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League boycotted the Commission.

(i) A policy of passive political resistance, especially that advocated by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India.

(ii) Civil Disobedience Movement

(iii) Gujarat

(iv) Civil Disobedience Movement

A High Court consists of one Chief Justice and as many other judges as the Parliament may decide. The Chief Justice is appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the state. The other judges are appointed by the President after consulting the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the Governor.

The British introduced new land revenue systems in India to generate revenue for administration and wars.

1. Permanent Settlement (1793) – Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal and Bihar:

   • Zamindars were made owners of the land and their rights became hereditary and transferable.
   • Revenue was fixed and had to be paid in cash by zamindars, collected from peasants.
   • Zamindars became a powerful class supporting British rule, while peasants became tenants.

2. Ryotwari System (1820) – Introduced by Alexander Reed and Thomas Munro in Madras, Bombay, Assam, and Coorg:

   • Revenue was settled directly with the cultivators (ryots).
   • Settlements were revised every 20–30 years to increase revenue.

3. Mahalwari System – Introduced in parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and North-West Provinces:

   • Revenue was settled village by village or estate by estate (Mahal) with landlords or heads of families.
   • Revenue was periodically revised.

The Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements arose due to growing Indian anger against the British.

1. The Khilafat Movement started because Turkey was defeated in World War I and the powers of the Khalifa, considered the religious head of all Muslims, were curtailed, which upset Indian Muslims. Leaders like the Ali Brothers, Abul Kalam Azad, and Hasrat Mohani organized the movement to urge the British to undo the injustice done to Turkey.
2. Mahatma Gandhi saw it as an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims and joined the movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement followed as a broader response, aiming to boycott British institutions, goods, and government services and refuse taxes, as a way of not cooperating with British rule until swaraj was achieved.

The main features of the Mountbatten Plan are given below:

1. The country would be divided into two Dominions of India and Pakistan.
2. Referendum was to be held in the province Of NWFP so as to ascertain whether the people there wished to stay with the Union of India or Pakistan.
3. The provinces of Assam, Bengal and Punjab were also to be divided.
4. The states would have the option of either joining India or Pakistan.
5. The transfer of power was to be formalised on August 15, 1947.

The reform movements among the Sikhs were as follows:

1. Formation of the Khalsa:

   • Under Guru Gobind Singh, Sikhs were organised into a military brotherhood called the Khalsa.
   • Its main purpose was to oppose the wrongdoings of the Mughals.

2. Leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur:

   • Succeeded Guru Gobind Singh and resisted the Mughals for eight years.
   • Strengthened Sikh military and political presence before being captured and executed in 1715.

3. Unification under Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

   • United the twelve misls (Sikh groups) to establish the Sikh kingdom in Punjab.
   • Secured sovereignty west of the Sutlej through the Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with the British.

The immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857 was the introduction of the Enfield rifle by the British. The cartridges had to be bitten off before use, and it was rumoured that they were greased with cow and pig fat. This angered Hindus, for whom the cow is sacred, and Muslims, for whom the pig is taboo, leading them to believe that the British were trying to defile their religions.

The World Health Organisation (WHO), established in 1948 with its headquarters in Geneva, is an international organisation aimed at promoting health worldwide.

Functions of WHO:

1. Promotes public health and works to control and fight diseases like cholera, typhoid, malaria, smallpox, and AIDS.
2. Trains medical personnel and provides scholarships to students for advanced medical studies abroad.
3. Promotes health education among the public to help people prevent and control diseases effectively.

Functions of the Security Council —

1. Maintains international peace and security.
2. Encourages fighting states to resolve differences through talks.
3. Can impose economic sanctions or order military action against aggressor states.
4. Recommends new members for admission and the Secretary‑General’s appointment.
5. Elects International Court of Justice judges with the General Assembly.
6. Can request the cancellation of a state's membership for not following the Charter.
7. Can recommend an emergency General Assembly meeting.

Functions of the General Assembly —

1. Supervises the work of other UN organs.
2. Admits new members on the Security Council’s recommendation.
3. Appoints the Secretary‑General on the Security Council’s recommendation.
4. Elects temporary Security Council members, and members of the Economic and Social Council and Trusteeship Council.
5. Receives reports from UN organs and makes decisions for improvement.
6. Urges member-states to ensure human rights for their citizens.
7. Approves the annual UNO budget and sets member contributions.
8. Alerts the Security Council if global peace is threatened by a state's actions.

In India’s parliamentary system, the Prime Minister is the real head of the government, leading the Lok Sabha and the largest party or coalition. He manages the country’s internal and external affairs and serves as the chief government spokesperson. The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers are directly responsible to the Lok Sabha and remain in office as long as they have majority support.

Subordinate Courts are the courts at the district level and below. They handle the administration of justice in both civil and criminal matters. Civil Courts decide cases related to money, contracts, and laws, while in criminal matters, the District Judge acts as the Session Judge to hear criminal cases.