Food Production

Sahiwal

Reason — Sahiwal is an indigenous breed of dairy cows.
Jersey is exotic (foreign) breed of dairy cow from the Jersey Island in the United Kingdom. Frieswal is crossbreed developed in India by crossing Holstein Friesian cattle with Sahiwal cattle. Dangi is an indigenous Indian breed mainly used as a draught breed, mostly in Maharashtra.

Mehsana

Reason — Mehsana is a breed common in Gujarat. Its average milk yield is about 1200-2500 litres.
Surti is buffalo breed found in Gujarat, especially around Anand and Kheda. Murrah is famous high milk-yielding buffalo breed from Haryana and Punjab. Gir is an indigenous breed of cow, not a buffalo breed.

Aseel

Reason — The most popular indigenous poultry breed of India is Aseel.
White Leghorn is exotic breed originally from Italy. HH-260 is hybrid/improved poultry variety developed for commercial production, not from India. B-77 is developed poultry strain used in commercial farming.

Wheat

Reason — Wheat is an important rabi crop of India as it is sown in October/early November.
Mustard is a rabi crop in many regions, grown mainly in winter. Pea is winter season crop grown during the rabi season. Rice is kharif crop grown during the rainy season.

Rice

Reason — Rice is the most important Kharif crop of India.
Barley is a winter season crop grown during the rabi season. Mustard is usually grown as a rabi crop. Wheat is major winter season (rabi) crop.

Only R

Reason — Yeast readily grow in all kinds of sugary solutions and in any plant exudations containing sugar. Yeast are widely used in breweries and bakeries. However, curing of tobacco is the action of certain bacteria, not yeast.

Fungi help in biological nitrogen fixation and improve the soil fertility.

Reason — Fungi are saprophytic in nature, i.e. they feed on dead and decaying organic matter and are called the natural cleaners of environment. They do improve soil health through decomposition but not by fixing nitrogen directly.
Yeast is unicellular, while mushrooms are multicellular. Fungi are heterotrophs and depend on other organisms for food. Many fungi obtain food from dead and decaying organic matter.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — A is true as a bacterial cell has an outermost slimy, gelatinous, protective layer in the form of a capsule to protect it from desiccation and toxic compounds.
R is true as the capsule protects bacteria from drying (desiccation) and harmful toxic substances.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

A is false and R is true.

Explanation — A is false as Lactobacillus helps convert milk into curd; however, curd is processed further to make cottage cheese.
R is true as Lactobacillus converts lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid, which helps in forming curd and other milk products like cheese.

Therefore, A is false and R is true is the correct option.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

Explanation — A is true because curing of Tea leaves and Tobacco is done with the help of bacteria to remove bitterness and obtain flavour and aroma.
R is true because production of vinegar and cheese is done with the help of bacteria.
However, reason talks about the role of bacteria in vinegar and cheese production, it does not explain how bacteria are used in curing tea and tobacco.

Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

A is true and R is false.

Explanation — A is true as the process of obtaining silk threads from cocoons is indeed called reeling. R is false as threads are recovered from the cocoon, which is spun by the larva. The cocoon is harvested, and silk threads are extracted from it, not directly from the larva.

Therefore, A is true and R is false is the correct option.

1. Cattle feed made from cereals and wheat is called concentrates.

2. Rearing of birds for egg and meat is called poultry farming.

3. Animal food is rich in proteins.

4. Sweet potato is an example of root crop.

5. Cereals are rich in carbohydrates.

6. Pesticides are chemical substances used to destroy pests.

7. Potato is an example of a tuber crop.

8. Pig farming is termed as piggery.

(a) Aseel

(b) Apiculture

(c) Mr. Verghese Kurien

(d) Kashmiri Pashmina

(e) M. S. Swaminathan

(a) Apis indica

(b) Lactobacillus acidophilus

(c) Rhizobium sp.

(a) Goat, Sheep, Pig, Hen

(b) Dangi and Tharparkar

(c) Cow, Buffalo

(d) Gir, Sahiwal

(e) Bombay Duck, Eel, Hilsa, Salmon

(f) Murrah, Surti

(g) White leghorn, Rhode Island red

(h) Jersey, Brown Swiss

(i) Desi and Ghori

The microscopic or tiny organisms, which are often single celled and sometimes multicellular are called microbes. For example: bacteria, virus, fungi.

Agriculture is defined as the science of growing plants and other crops as well as rearing of animals for food and for other human needs.

Horticulture is defined as the branch of agriculture which deals with cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, mushrooms, algae, medicinal and ornamental plants.

Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of obtaining meat or eggs for food.

The branch of aquaculture which involves rearing of marine organisms in an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks or ponds filled with sea water is called Mariculture.

Rice is the most important cereal plant of Kharif crops.

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is an edible mushroom.

The two main crop seasons of India are:

1. Kharif Season — Kharif crops (means "autumn crops") are raised in the rainy season (June to October). Three kharif crops are Rice, Maize and Cotton.
2. Rabi Season — Rabi crops (means "winter crops") are raised in the winters (October to March). Three rabi crops are Wheat, Barley, Mustard.

Organic farming is the practice of raising crops without using synthetic fertilisers and pesticides.
The main aim of organic farming is to enhance soil fertility, grow crops in an eco-friendly environment, free from chemical pollution (pesticides) and thus produce crops with high nutritional value.

Difference between Eggers (or Layers) and Broilers:

Difference between Food crops and Cash crops:

Difference between Green revolution and White revolution:

Difference between Milch animals and Draught animals:

Difference between Kharif crops and Rabi crops:

(a) Animal Husbandry — The branch of biology which deals with feeding, shelter, caring and breeding of domesticated animals is called animal husbandry.

(b) Sericulture — The technique of artificial rearing of silkworm for production of silk is called sericulture.

(c) Aquaculture — Aquaculture is the term used for production or farming of useful aquatic animals like fish, prawns, lobsters, molluscs, etc.

(d) Hatcheries — A hatchery is a facility where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions, especially those of fish or poultry.

(e) Pisciculture — Pisciculture is the production and management of fishes. It involves breeding and raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures mainly for food.

Some of the uses of bacteria in the food industry are:

1. Bacteria such as Lactobacillus help convert milk into curd.
2. Bacteria are used in cheese making by curdling milk and helping in flavour development.
3. Curing of tea and tobacco leaves is done with the help of bacteria to obtain specific flavour and aroma.
4. Specific bacteria help in the production of alcohol and vinegar from sugar solution.

Following are the benefits of "Green Revolution" in our country:

1. Green Revolution enabled the agriculture industry to produce much larger quantities of food grains making it possible to feed the growing population of the country.
2. It made the country self sufficient in Wheat production.
3. It improved the economic condition of the farmers.
4. It enabled the agriculture industry to give employment to a large section of India's population.

Following are the benefits of "White Revolution" in our country:

1. White Revolution resulted in India becoming the largest producer of milk and milk products in the world.
2. It strengthened the dairy farmer’s income.
3. It ensured easy availability of milk at a fair price to all.

Labeled diagram showing the life cycle of a silk moth is given below:

(a) The four stages in the life cycle of a silk moth are:

1. Egg
2. Larva
3. Pupa
4. Adult

(b) The specific names for the larva and pupa of the silk moth are Caterpillar and Chrysalis.

(c) Reeling.

(d) Mulberry

(e) Silk fibre can be made by using the threads from the cocoons.

Labeled diagram showing the ‘Internal structure of yeast’ is given below:

(a) Fungi

(b) Unicellular

(c) Yeast has a saprophytic mode of nutrition.

(d) Yeast can grow successfully in moist and warm conditions in the presence of sugar, such as in sugary solutions, grapes, nectar of flowers and sugarcane juice.

(e) Yeast is a source of vitamin B and vitamin E.

(f) Two points highlighting the economic importance of yeasts are:

1. Yeast is used in breweries to produce alcohol by the fermentation of sugar.
2. Yeast is used in bakeries to prepare bread.

Labeled diagram showing the internal structure of a bacterium is given below:

(a) Monera.

(b) They are prokaryotes.

(c) Bacteria can be classified into four types based on their shape:

1. Coccus (round shape)
2. Bacillus (rod shape)
3. Spirillum (spiral shape)
4. Vibrio (comma shape)

(d) Slime Capsule.

(e) Four suitable conditions required for the growth and development of bacteria are:

1. Availability of adequate water.
2. Appropriate food supply.
3. Suitable temperature.
4. Sufficient air.

(f) Two kinds of respiration which can take place in bacteria are:

1. Aerobic respiration
2. Anaerobic respiration

(g) The locomotory structure of bacteria that helps them move is called the flagellum.

(a) The two main crops produced during the Green Revolution were wheat and rice.

(b) Specific types of crops developed are called as High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds.

(c) The dairy cooperative was Amul. It was originally established in Anand.

(d) Two high milk-yielding cow breeds commonly reared in India are Sahiwal and Jersey cattle.