Model Test Paper 2

The required countries are marked on the world map as shown below:

(i) Largest producer of coal — China.

(ii) A country in North America with rich reserves of oil — the USA.

(iii) An oil-producing nation in the Middle-east — Saudi Arabia.

(iv) A country that leads in wind energy generation in Europe — UK.

(v) A country which is one of the highest coal-producing regions in Europe — Germany.

Outline map of India with the marked places is as shown below:

(i) A thermal power station in Odisha — Talcher.

(ii) A hydroelectric power station in Karnataka — Sivasamudram.

(iii) A state with immense potential for solar energy production — Rajasthan.

(iv) The river that has the Krishnaraj Sagar Dam — the Kaveri (Cauvery) River.

(v) The state where the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is located — Andhra Pradesh. The dam lies on the present Telangana–Andhra Pradesh border.

Industries are needed for the following reasons:

1. Industries meet the growing demands of people for finished goods that make life more comfortable. Thus, for a better quality of life, more and more industries are required.
2. An industry helps in large-scale employment. Therefore, an industrialised nation is an economically stronger nation.
3. Industries manufacture products for all sectors such as transport, infrastructure, communication, trade, banking, health, education, agriculture and fishing. Thus, they contribute to the harmonious growth and development of a nation.

Three factors important for the localisation of an industry are:

1. Raw materials — Industries that require large amounts of bulky or perishable raw materials should ideally be located near the source of raw materials. This reduces transport costs and allows perishable materials to be processed quickly. Steel plants are ideally located close to coalfields or iron ore deposits because these bulky raw materials are needed in large quantities.

2. Power — Industries require an uninterrupted supply of power to run machinery. Coal has influenced the location of many industrial belts; where coal is unavailable, power may be supplied from sources such as mineral oil, natural gas or hydroelectricity.

3. Market — Industries producing heavy and bulky finished goods are often located close to areas of consumption. Automobile, cement and electronic-goods industries are examples.

There is an urgent need to rely more on renewable energy resources for the following two reasons:

1. Non-renewable resources such as coal and petroleum are gradually getting exhausted and their reserves are limited, so they cannot meet the growing energy demands of the future.
2. Non-renewable resources release greenhouse gases on burning and pollute the environment, whereas renewable resources are clean and non-polluting.

Two offshore oilfields — Mumbai High and Bassein.

Two onshore oilfields — Digboi (in Assam) and Ankleshwar (in Gujarat).

The oldest oilfield of our country is Digboi in Assam, which is the first ever oil well dug in India.

Some of the major uses of solar power are:

1. Solar power is used for lighting streets, homes and lighthouses in ports, and for operating traffic signals.
2. It is used to heat water in cold countries and to heat ovens.
3. Solar cookers, solar batteries and solar-powered watches are widely used.
4. Spacecraft also use solar energy.
5. Modern energy-efficient school buildings, banks and other commercial buildings use solar energy for heating and lighting.

Some disadvantages of harnessing wind energy are:

1. The availability of wind energy is not constant.
2. Wind energy farms are very localised, as only sheltered coastal areas are ideal for energy generation.
3. The initial costs of setting up a wind farm are huge.
4. The rotating blades of a wind turbine are a threat to birds.

Australia is called an island continent because it is a continent that is surrounded by water bodies on all sides — the Indian Ocean lies to its west and south, while the Pacific Ocean lies to its east and north. In terms of area, it is the smallest continent and the sixth largest country in the world.

James Cook was the captain of an English expedition who landed on the east coast of Australia in 1770 and found the land suitable for habitation.

The six physical divisions of Australia are:

1. the Western Plateau
2. the Central Lowland
3. the Eastern Highlands
4. the Great Artesian Basin
5. the Great Barrier Reef
6. the Rift Valley of Australia

1. The Great Artesian Basin lies between the Eastern Highlands and the Central Lowland, and is one of the largest and deepest artesian basins in the world, covering about one-fifth of the Australian continent.
2. It is formed on a base of sandstone, covered by a layer of marine sedimentary rock.
3. It is the major source of water in this relatively dry area — wells are bored in the ground from where groundwater rushes out automatically due to high water pressure, without needing to be pumped out.