Industries

raw material

Reason — Industries using bulky raw materials are located near the source to reduce heavy transport costs. Industries using perishable raw materials such as sugar cane, milk or fish are also located near the source so that the materials can be processed quickly.

These are all located close to coalfields.

Reason — These industrial belts developed near coalfields because coal has been an important source of power for industries.

an iron and steel industry

Reason — The iron and steel industry is a basic industry. It supplies raw materials, mainly in the form of machinery, to industries such as engineering, electronics, automobile and shipbuilding. It also supports construction, infrastructure and the production of agricultural implements.

the Information Technology industry

Reason — In the 21st century, the Information Technology industry has been a major generator of employment and, in India, has also earned foreign exchange.

A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

Reason — Mineral-based industries derive their raw materials from minerals — the fertiliser industry is an example. Cottage industries include carpet weaving (carpet-making). The iron and steel industry is set up with a huge capital investment and involves large-scale production, making it a large-scale industry. Agro-based industries derive their raw materials from agriculture — sugar mills are an example.

oil mills

Reason — Oil mills are examples of small-scale industries. They work on a minimum scale of production, require little capital and have a lower rate of production than large-scale industries. Iron and steel, automobiles and cotton textile mills are shown as large-scale industries.

cottage industry

Reason — Cottage industries provide rural employment and help preserve the cultural heritage of a region because skills of craftsmanship are handed down from one generation to another.

iron and steel industry

Reason — The iron and steel industry is a basic industry because it supplies raw materials, mainly in the form of machinery, to a host of other industries such as engineering, electronics, automobile and shipbuilding. Shipbuilding, the automobile industry and information technology are among the industries that depend on it, so they are not basic industries themselves.

Bokaro

Reason — Bokaro is one of India's major steel-producing centres. Other major centres include Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Rourkela, Visakhapatnam, Bhadravati and Salem.

China

Reason — China has the world's largest shipbuilding industry, followed by South Korea and Japan.

Gujarat

Reason — Gujarat is listed among the important cotton textile producers in India, along with Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Punjab.

regions of fishing

Reason — Dogger Bank in the North Sea and Grand Bank off the coast of Newfoundland are ideal fishing grounds. Fish abound in the shallow waters of the continental shelf, where abundant fish food called planktons grows.

Release toxic effluents into water bodies.

Reason — Using gas instead of coal, treating wastewater and disposing of waste in landfills are preventive measures for controlling industrial pollution. Releasing toxic effluents into water bodies causes water pollution.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation — Both A and R are true. Sugar cane juice begins to dry if it is not extracted within a day. Therefore, sugar mills are located close to cane-growing areas, and R correctly explains A.

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — Both A and R are true. Cottage industries are usually set up in the house of the manufacturer and operate on a small scale, so only a small capital is required to start production. Thus, R correctly explains A.

Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — Both statements are true. The iron and steel industry supports construction, infrastructure and several other industries. Its absence would therefore impede industrial development. R states a consequence of the importance of the iron and steel industry rather than explaining why it supports construction.

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — Both statements are true. Unwanted factory noise may cause hearing impairment and may increase heart rate and blood pressure. Therefore, machines should be designed to reduce noise levels, so R explains the preventive measure stated in A.

(a) True

(b) False
Correct Statement — Those industries that derive their raw materials from agriculture or are plant-based are called agro-based industries.

(c) True

(d) True

(e) False
Correct Statement — The Information Technology (IT) industry involves the development and use of systems for storing, retrieving and sending information.

Industries provide finished goods, create large-scale employment and supply products needed by many other sectors of the economy. Surplus goods can also be exported to earn foreign exchange, which strengthens the country's economy.

An efficient transport network ensures the proper supply of raw materials to factories and the easy movement of finished products to consumers. Therefore, industries need roadways, railways, waterways and airways for the smooth movement of commodities.

Fishing is called a robber industry, like mining, because overfishing may lead to a scarcity of fish if fish are caught faster than nature can replenish them. Therefore, protection and conservation of fish are necessary.

Renewable sources of power such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power are cleaner than non-renewable sources such as coal and petroleum because they do not emit pollutants. Their use therefore helps to reduce industrial pollution.

a. Agro-based industry — Industries that derive their raw materials from agriculture or are plant-based are called agro-based industries. Examples include cotton textiles, dairy, sugar mills, jute mills, oil mills and flour mills.

b. Mineral-based industry — Industries that derive their raw materials from minerals to produce finished goods are called mineral-based industries. Examples include iron and steel, cement, aluminium, fertiliser and petrochemicals.

c. Planktons — Planktons are the abundant fish food that grows in the shallow waters of the continental shelf.

Industries are needed for the following reasons:

1. Industries meet the growing demand for finished goods that make life more comfortable and improve the quality of life.
2. Industries provide large-scale employment and help strengthen the economy.
3. Industries manufacture products required by sectors such as transport, infrastructure, communication, trade, banking, health, education, agriculture and fishing, contributing to the growth and development of a nation.

Three factors important for the localisation of an industry are:

1. Raw materials — Industries that require large amounts of bulky or perishable raw materials should ideally be located near the source of raw materials. This reduces transport costs and allows perishable materials to be processed quickly. Steel plants are ideally located close to coalfields or iron ore deposits because these bulky raw materials are needed in large quantities.

2. Power — Industries require an uninterrupted supply of power to run machinery. Coal has influenced the location of many industrial belts; where coal is unavailable, power may be supplied from sources such as mineral oil, natural gas or hydroelectricity.

3. Market — Industries producing heavy and bulky finished goods are often located close to areas of consumption. Automobile, cement and electronic-goods industries are examples.

The iron and steel industry is considered a basic industry because it supplies raw materials, mainly in the form of machinery, to industries such as engineering, electronics, automobile and shipbuilding. It also supports construction, infrastructure and the production of agricultural implements. Therefore, industrial development would be impeded in its absence.

Industries create pollution in the following ways:

1. Air pollution — Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, dust and smoke emitted by thermal power plants, oil refineries, paper, fertiliser and cement factories pollute the air and may also cause acid rain.
2. Water pollution — Toxic effluents and heavy metals released from chemical factories into water bodies cause water pollution.
3. Soil pollution — Disposal of toxic wastes on land causes soil pollution and may contaminate underground water.
4. Noise pollution — Unwanted noise from factories may lead to hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Three preventive measures of industrial pollution are:

1. Use oil or gas instead of coal where possible, build tall chimneys and install pollution-control devices such as fabric filters and wet scrubbers to reduce smoke.
2. Treat or recycle wastewater before releasing it from factories.
3. Dispose of toxic wastes in landfills or by incineration, and recycle biodegradable wastes to produce compost.

a. The picture represents the sugar industry, which is an agro-based industry.

b. The largest producers of sugar in the world are India, Brazil, EU, Thailand and China.

All industries need a good network of roadways, railways, waterways and airways for the smooth movement of commodities. Transport brings raw materials to factories and carries finished products to consumers. For example, the iron and steel industry requires transport to bring bulky raw materials such as coal and iron ore to the plant and to carry finished steel to markets and other industries.

Small-scale industries must be given a boost in our country because they work on a minimum scale of production and require little capital, so they can be started easily even with limited resources. The labour they use is often cheap and easily available, which allows them to generate employment for many people. By providing employment and producing goods with fewer resources, they support the livelihood of local people and contribute to the country's economy.

Industries contribute greatly to economic progress, but they can also cause air, water and soil pollution and harm human beings and biodiversity. Industrial pollution can be reduced by using cleaner fuels, installing pollution-control devices, treating and recycling wastewater, disposing of wastes safely, planting trees around industrial zones, using renewable sources of power and following the 3 Rs — recycling of resources, reuse of products and reduction of wastage.

i. Sugar industries in Uttar Pradesh — Saharanpur and Gorakhpur.
ii. Cotton textile industries in Tamil Nadu — Coimbatore and Madurai.
iii. Automobile industry in Maharashtra — Mumbai and Pune.
iv. Iron and steel industry in Jharkhand — Jamshedpur and Bokaro.

a. Iron and steel — China and Russia
b. Cotton textiles — China and India
c. Information Technology (IT) — USA and India
d. Shipbuilding — China
e. Automobiles — Japan and Germany