Australia

Canberra

Reason — Canberra is the national capital of Australia. Sydney is the largest city and the capital of New South Wales, Melbourne is the capital of Victoria, and Perth is a major industrial town in Western Australia — none of these is the national capital.

the Great Artesian Basin

Reason — In the Great Artesian Basin, wells are bored in the ground from where groundwater rushes out automatically due to high water pressure, so it does not need to be pumped out. Permeable rocks, the Central Lowlands and the Western Plateau do not have this self-flowing supply of water.

growing maize

Reason — Jackaroos look after and guard the sheep on a sheep station, and the station's wool activities also include shearing the sheep and cleaning the fleece. Growing maize is an agricultural activity and is not connected with their work on a sheep station.

A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

Reason — Hobart is the capital of Tasmania (A-4), Darwin is the capital of the Northern Territory (B-3), Perth is the capital of Western Australia (C-1), and Adelaide is the capital of South Australia (D-2).

the Torres Strait

Reason — The Torres Strait separates Australia from New Guinea Island in the north. The Bering Strait, the Palk Strait and the Cook Strait lie elsewhere and do not separate Australia from New Guinea Island.

A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

Reason — Sydney is the capital of New South Wales (A-3), Melbourne is the capital of Victoria (B-1), Hobart is the capital of Tasmania (C-2), and Darwin is the capital of the Northern Territory (D-4).

Perth

Reason — Just as Brisbane is the capital of Queensland, Perth is the capital of Western Australia. Adelaide is the capital of South Australia, Canberra is the national capital of Australia, and Griffith is not a capital city.

Queensland to Tasmania

Reason — The Great Dividing Range extends from the Cape York Peninsula, located in the northeastern state of Queensland, to Tasmania. It does not run from the Eastern Highlands to the Central Lowland, from Victoria to Queensland, or from South Australia to the Northern Territory.

sandstone

Reason — The Great Artesian Basin is formed on a base of sandstone, covered by a layer of marine sedimentary rock. Granite, basalt and marble are not mentioned as the base of the basin.

in southern Australia

Reason — The rift valley of Australia is located in the southern part of the continent, where it has several lakes such as Lake Torrens. It is not located in northern, eastern or western Australia.

Merino

Reason — Merino is the best breed of sheep reared in Australia for producing high-grade wool. About 70 per cent of Australia's sheep are of the Merino breed.

wool

Reason — Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool; it has one-seventh of the world's sheep and produces one-fourth of the world's wool. It is not the world's largest exporter of cotton, jute or silk.

Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — Sheep farming in Australia is extensive in nature because in the dry interiors, large pastoral zones exist where sheep are spread over vast areas. Australia does have one-seventh of the world's sheep and produces one-fourth of the world's wool, but this describes the quantity of sheep and wool, not the reason the farming is extensive. Hence R is true but does not correctly explain A.

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — The population of Australia is unevenly distributed because two-thirds of the continent is a desert. The population is mainly concentrated in parts of the eastern and southeastern coasts, and this uneven concentration is exactly what makes the distribution uneven. Hence R correctly explains A.

Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — The Western Plateau does receive scanty rainfall, and there are vast desert areas in this region. However, it is the scanty rainfall that has led to the occurrence of the deserts — the deserts are the result of the scanty rainfall, not its cause. Hence R does not correctly explain A.

Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation — Sheep farming in Australia is usually extensive in nature because in the dry interiors extensive pastoral zones exist, unlike the humid coastal areas where sheep farms are small in size. It is also true that in humid regions most of the land is used for arable farming. However, the extensive nature of sheep farming is due to the large pastoral zones of the dry interiors, so R does not correctly explain A.

Australia is the world's only continent that is also a country because the entire Australian continent forms a single nation. It is referred to as an island continent as water bodies surround it on all sides — the Indian Ocean on its west and south, and the Pacific Ocean on its east and north. In terms of area, it is the smallest continent and the sixth largest country in the world.

The Great Artesian Basin is the major source of water in this relatively dry area because wells are bored in the ground, from where groundwater rushes out automatically. Due to the high water pressure, the water does not need to be pumped out. This water is very useful for the cattle rearers in this dry region.

a. Coral polyps — Coral polyps are small marine organisms that live in shallow, warm tropical oceans, and whose skeletal remains form coral reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef.

b. Paddock — A paddock is one of the separate fenced enclosures into which a sheep station is divided; each paddock has about 2,000 to 3,000 sheep.

c. Jackaroo — A jackaroo is a paid worker employed in a sheep station to look after the animals, moving them from one paddock to another, treating them for illness and injuries, and protecting them from wild animals.

Australia is called an island continent because it is a continent that is surrounded by water bodies on all sides — the Indian Ocean lies to its west and south, while the Pacific Ocean lies to its east and north. In terms of area, it is the smallest continent and the sixth largest country in the world.

James Cook was the captain of an English expedition who landed on the east coast of Australia in 1770 and found the land suitable for habitation.

The six physical divisions of Australia are:

1. the Western Plateau
2. the Central Lowland
3. the Eastern Highlands
4. the Great Artesian Basin
5. the Great Barrier Reef
6. the Rift Valley of Australia

1. The Great Artesian Basin lies between the Eastern Highlands and the Central Lowland, and is one of the largest and deepest artesian basins in the world, covering about one-fifth of the Australian continent.
2. It is formed on a base of sandstone, covered by a layer of marine sedimentary rock.
3. It is the major source of water in this relatively dry area — wells are bored in the ground from where groundwater rushes out automatically due to high water pressure, without needing to be pumped out.

The Great Barrier Reef is located on the north-eastern coast of Australia. It is the world's largest coral reef.

A sheep station is a large sheep farm covering thousands of hectares where sheep are reared. It is divided by fences into a number of fields called paddocks. A sheep station has homesteads for the family and workers, sheds for shearing and storing wool, wells or a dam to provide water, windmills for energy, silos for storing grain, a landing strip for light aircraft or helicopters, and shops that sell essential commodities.

a. Ayers Rock is also known by the name Uluru. In the Aboriginal language, it means 'the place where the wind moans between sunset and dawn'.

b. It is located in the central part of Australia, in the Northern Territory, near the Macdonnell Ranges.

c. It is a spectacular monolithic hill formed of red sandstone. It changes its colour from reddish brown at dawn to yellow during the day, and at times it appears violet too.

a. Deserts cover about 18 per cent of Australia's mainland.

b. Some of the famous deserts of the western plateau region are the Great Victoria Desert, the Great Sandy Desert and the Gibson Desert.

People living on the sheep stations of Australia have adapted to the harsh, dry conditions by making the best use of the limited resources available to them. This is seen in the following ways:

1. In the dry interiors where natural grasslands are available, they rear Merino sheep, which give high-grade wool, thus making good use of the grasslands.
2. Since water is scarce, they use the water of the Great Artesian Basin by boring wells from which groundwater rushes out on its own. Wells and dams provide water, while windmills provide energy.
3. The large sheep stations are divided into paddocks by fences so that the sheep can be managed and moved easily over vast areas.
4. As the stations are remote, they use landing strips for light aircraft and helicopters that bring flying doctors and essential commodities.

In this way, despite the hard life, the people here have learned to adapt and make the best possible use of the grasslands, groundwater and other resources around them.