Classification of Plants

Angiosperms and gymnosperms

Reason — Angiosperm are flowering plants that produce fruits while gymnosperms produce only seeds without producing fruits.
Biennials and annuals classify plants based on their life cycle. Herbs and shrubs classify plants based on their size and structure. Bryophyta and pteridophyta classify plants based on their level of organization and reproduction.

Protista

Reason — Kingdom Protista consists of unicellular organisms with a proper nucleus.
Monera consists of prokaryotic organisms (like bacteria) that do not have a true nucleus. Fungi mostly, are multicellular eukaryotes (except yeast), so not mainly unicellular. Algae can be unicellular or multicellular, but they are generally classified under plant-like groups, not specifically defined as unicellular eukaryotes.

Protista

Reason — A prominent nucleus is present in Amoeba.
Monera are Prokaryotes (no true nucleus). Fungi mostly are multicellular, different mode of nutrition. Algae are photosynthetic organisms.

Mushroom

Reason — Mushroom can not synthesize their own food and depend on dead or decaying matter for their food. So, they are called saprotrophs.
Amoeba are heterotrophic, feeds by engulfing food (holozoic). Euglena are mixotrophic (both autotrophic and heterotrophic). Spirogyra are autotrophic (photosynthetic algae).

Nucleoid

Reason — The nuclear material of Monerans is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane but is organized in a region called a nucleoid.
Nucleolus is a structure inside a true nucleus. Premature nucleus is not a scientific term. Defective nucleus is incorrect concept.

Capsule

Reason — The cell wall of a bacterium cell is surrounded by a gelatinous or proteinaceous 'capsule'.
Plasmalemma refers to the cell membrane. Sheath is a broader term used for some filamentous bacteria, not specifically the typical protective gelatinous layer. Cell wall is a rigid structural layer, not gelatinous.

Acetobacter

Reason — Certain bacteria like Acetobacter ferment fruit juices into vinegar (acetic acid).
Rhizobium is involved in nitrogen fixation in plant roots. Lactobacillus produces lactic acid (used in curd formation), not vinegar.

Bacterium

Reason — Bacteria are responsible for causing Tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is not viral because its causative agent has all the features of a bacterium, not a virus. Tuberculosis is not caused by protozoans or protists because of biological classification and cellular structure.

Seed leaves

Reason — "Seed-leaves" or cotyledons store food and form the bulk of the seed.
Seed coat, Testa, Tegmen are protective outer coverings of the seed and do not store food.

Gymnosperms

Reason — Gymnosperms bear seeds inside the cones. Some cones are male while others are female.
Bryophyta is non-vascular plants like mosses; they do not produce seeds. Pteridophyta is ferns; reproduce by spores, not seeds. Angiosperms is flowering plants; seeds are enclosed inside fruits, not cones.

A is true but R is false.

Reason — A is true as Monera includes unicellular, primitive organisms. They lack a well-defined nucleus; instead, they have a nucleoid, which is an unorganised nuclear region.
R is false as the nucleoid is not enclosed in a gelatinous capsule. A capsule is an outer protective layer in some bacteria, unrelated to nuclear material. There is no nuclear membrane around the nucleoid, but the statement incorrectly links it to a capsule.

Therefore, A is true but R is false is the correct option.

A is false but R is true.

Reason — A is false as all protists do not use pseudopodia for locomotion but protists show diverse locomotory structures.
R is true as most protists are aquatic. They may move using water currents and also by specialized structures like cilia or flagella.

Therefore, A is false but R is true is the correct option.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as Pteridophyta are vascular plants with well-developed roots, stems, and leaves. They do not produce flowers or seeds; instead, they reproduce by spores.
R is true as many pteridophytes (like ferns) produce sporangia in clusters called sori on the undersides of leaves. These sporangia contain spores that are released and grow into new plants.
Reproduction happens via spores in sori (not flowers or seeds).

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

A is true but R is false.

Reason — A is true as Gymnosperms are mostly evergreen and commonly found in mountainous and cold regions. Being evergreen helps them survive harsh conditions.
R is false as gymnosperms like pines are evergreen, meaning they do not shed all leaves periodically; they retain leaves for long periods to conserve resources in cold environments. Leaf shedding is not primarily related to heavy rainfall or wind.

Therefore, A is true but R is false is the correct option.

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as Monocotyledons have seeds that contain only one cotyledon.
R is true as Monocots typically have long, narrow leaves with parallel venation (parallel veins), such as in grasses and lilies.
The number of cotyledons (seed leaves) is determined by embryonic development, not by leaf shape or venation.

Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

1. Hyphae
2. Saprophytes
3. Cones
4. Rhizoids
5. Contractile vacuole.

1. Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms are termed as bacteria.
2. Animals possess a nervous system.
3. Yeast is a unicellular fungus.
4. Rod-shaped bacteria are called Bacilli.
5. Reserve food material in bacteria is glycogen.

1. Odd one — COVID-19
   Category of the remaining terms — Bacterial diseases

2. Odd one — Bacteria
   Category of the remaining terms — Protists

3. Odd one — Spirogyra
   Category of the remaining terms — Fungi

4. Odd one — Deodar
   Category of the remaining terms — Gymnosperms

5. Odd one — Brinjal
   Category of the remaining terms — Monocotyledons

1. Plants which do not have roots, stem, and leaves — Algae
2. Plants with no roots, but have stems and leaves — Bryophyta
3. Plants with roots, stems, and leaves, and which bear spore-producing bodies — Pteridophyta
4. The amphibians of the plant kingdom — Bryophyta

1. Classification — Classification is a system of arranging living organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences.

2. Binary fission — In a full-grown Amoeba, first the nucleus divides into two, and then the rest of the cell divides in a way that each half gets one daughter nucleus. This process is called binary fission.

3. Pseudopodia — Pseudopodia (meaning false feet) is the organ of locomotion in an amoeba.

4. Symbiosis — Symbiosis refers to a close and long-term interaction between two different types of organisms. For example, Rhizobium bacteria lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants. These bacteria provide food to the host plant and the host plant in turn provides shelter to the bacteria.

5. Mycelium — A network of hyphae is called mycelium.

1. Gymnosperms — Pine and Cedar

2. Multicellular fungi — Morchella and Agaricus

3. Monerans — Coccus and Bacillus

4. Protists — Amoeba and Paramecium

5. Leguminous plants — Pea and Bean

1. Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia
2. Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillum, Vibrio
3. Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Cholera, Diphtheria
4. Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms
5. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

1. Typhoid — Salmonella typhi

2. Tuberculosis — Mycobacterium tuberculosis

3. Pneumonia — Streptococcus pneumoniae

4. Cholera — Vibrio cholerae

5. Diptheria — Corynebacterium diphtheriae

1. Two characteristics of Algae are:
   1. They are aquatic in habitat.
   2. They have chlorophyll and hence they are autotrophs.
      Example — Spirogyra
2. Two characteristics of Fungi are:
   1. Body is composed of thread like structure called hyphae.
   2. Chlorophyll is absent and they show heterotrophic nutrition.
      Example — Agaricus (Mushroom)
3. Two characteristics of Monocot are:
   1. Seeds have a single cotyledon.
   2. Leaves have parallel venation and roots are fibrous.
      Example — Maize
4. Two characteristics of Dicot are:
   1. Seeds have two cotyledons.
   2. Leaves with reticulate venation and roots show tap root system.
      Example — Pea
5. Two characteristics of Bryophyta are:
   1. They have leaves and stems but no roots.
   2. They have root like structure known as rhizoids.
      Example — Moss
6. Two characteristics of Pteridophyta are:
   1. They have well formed leaves, stems and roots.
   2. They do not produce flowers and seeds.
      Example — Fern
7. Two characteristics of Gymnosperm are:
   1. Flowers and fruits are absent.
   2. Bear naked seeds which are not enclosed in a fruit.
      Example — Pine

Differences between Monera and Protista on the basis of nucleus:

Differences between Algae and Fungi on the basis of modes of nutrition:

Differences between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes on the basis of vegetative parts of the plant:

Differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms on the basis of reproductive structures:

Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes on the basis of examples:

The generalized diagram of a bacterium is given below:

(i) Bacterium belongs to Kingdom Monera.

(ii) Two characteristic features of Kingdom Monera are:

1. Kingdom Monera includes microscopic, unicellular or single celled organisms.
2. They have a cell wall, but no nucleus. Hence, they are called Prokaryotic.

(iii) The cell wall is surrounded by a gelatinous or proteinaceous covering called 'capsule'.

(iv) Nucleolus and Mitochondria are two cellular organelles which are absent in bacterium.

(v) The scientific name of a comma-shaped bacterium is Vibrio.
Example- Vibrio cholerae.

(i) The organism shown in the given figure is Amoeba.

(ii) No, Amoeba is neither a plant nor an animal. Amoebas lack chlorophyll and the ability to photosynthesize, unlike plants. Animals have specialized tissues and organs, which amoebas lack. Hence, Amoeba don't fall under either category.

(iii) The guidelines 1 to 6 are:
      1 → Food Vacuole
      2 → Nucleus
      3 → Pseudopodium
      4 → Cell Membrane
      5 → Cytoplasm
      6 → Contractile Vacuole

(iv) Amoeba is a single-celled organism classified under the Kingdom Protista.

(v) Part 3 (Pseudopodium) — Pseudopodium is the organ of locomotion in an Amoeba. It helps amoeba move in the direction it wants to move in.
Part 6 (Contractile Vacuole) — Excess ammonia (waste) and water gets expelled out of the body of Amoeba from Contractile Vacuole.

(i) The organism shown in the given figure is Bread Mould (fungi). While it is commonly known as Bread Mould, its scientific name is Rhizopus.

(ii) The guidelines 1 to 5 are:
      1 → Spores
      2 → Sporangium
      3 → Sporangiophore
      4 → Rhizoids
      5 → Node

(iii) Bread Mould belongs to Kingdom Fungi.

(iv) Sporangium are the spore containing bodies. When the sporangium bursts open, the spores are dispersed into the air. When they land on a suitable substratum, each can grow to form a new mycelium.

(v) This category of plants live on dead, decaying organic matter, so they are called Saprophytes.

Four types of bacteria on the basis of their shape are:

1. Coccus — These are spherical or ovoid in shape.
2. Bacillus — These are rod-shaped. They may occur singly or in groups of two or three, joined end to end in long chains.
3. Spirillum — These are spiral-shaped bacteria.
4. Vibrio — These are comma-shaped bacteria. For example, Vibrio cholerae.

The Bryophytes are found on damp surfaces in moist places. They are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because they need water to reproduce. Like amphibians they need water as well as land to complete their life-cycle.

Amoeba has cell membrane as the outer covering of body. The cell membrane is a flexible structure which enables Amoeba to change its shape. Also, the Amoeba moves by extending the cytoplasm along the cell membrane, forming a finger-like structure known as Pseudopodia.

The contractile vacuole is a vacuole in which the excess of water from the body of the amoeba is collected. The function of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba is excretion. Ammonia is the main waste product of amoeba which dissolves in water and is excreted through the general body surface by simple process of diffusion.

Five uses of Bacteria are:

• Bacteria are used to make antibiotic medicines like Streptomycin.
• Lactobacillus bacteria are used for curdling of milk.
• Acetobacter bacteria is used to make vinegar from fruit juices.
• Bacteria are used in tanning of leather and retting of jute.
• Bacteria causes decay of organic materials, forming manures and composts.

Five uses of Fungi:

• Fungi are important source of food. For example: Agaricus and Morchella
• Yeast is used in baking industry and in the breweries for making alcohol.
• Fungi are good decomposers. They decompose the organic matter and return the nutrient back into the soil.
• Penicillium notatum is used to make penicillin, an important antibiotic.
• Some species of Mucor and Penicillium are also used in ripening of cheese.

Bacteria are responsible for a number of diseases, some of which are typhoid, leprosy, TB, pneumonia, cholera, etc. They also cause spoilage of food items such as milk, meat, fish and vegetable. Tinned and package food also get spoiled due to bacteria, after their expiry date. Thus, we can say that the bacteria are harmful to human beings.

Binary fission is the process of reproduction in amoeba in which the full grown amoeba splits into two. First the nucleus divides into two, and then the rest of the cell divides in a way that each half gets one daughter nucleus.

(a) No, these trees do not belong to flowering plants. They belong to the group Gymnosperms.

(b) Two examples of plants that belong to the same category are: Pinus and Cycas.

(c) Evergreen means that the plants remain green throughout the year. They do not shed all their leaves at the same time in any particular season.

(d) Two types of cones commonly found on such trees are male and female cones.

(e) Cone-bearing plants have naked seeds that are not enclosed within fruits, and they do not produce true flowers or fruits. In contrast, fruit-bearing plants like mango and guava produce flowers, and their seeds are enclosed within fruits.