Pure Substances and Mixtures; Separation of Mixtures

a heterogeneous mixture

Reason — Mustard oil and water are immiscible liquids. Their mixture is not uniformly distributed throughout. Hence, they form a heterogeneous mixture.
A compound is a chemical combination of substances. Oil and water do not chemically combine. An alloy is a mixture of metals. In a homogeneous mixture, components are uniformly mixed. Oil and water are not.

made up of different kinds of atoms and molecules.

Reason — A heterogeneous mixture is made up of different kinds of atoms and molecules which do not mix uniformly.

tap water

Reason — Tap water is a homogeneous mixture because it contains minerals and salts which are evenly mixed, so it looks uniform throughout.
Distilled water is a pure substance, not a mixture. In sand and water, components are not uniformly mixed; sand settles down, so it is a heterogeneous mixture. Sawdust floats and does not mix uniformly, so it is a heterogeneous mixture.

alloy, ink, honey, ice-cream

Reason — The set "alloy, ink, honey, ice-cream" has only mixtures, because,
(i) Alloy : Mixture of metals
(ii) Ink : Mixture of dyes and solvents
(iii) Honey : Mixture of sugar and water
(iv) Ice-cream : Mixture of milk, sugar, flavours and air.

steel

Reason — Brass, bronze and duralumin has copper as their component along with other metals. Whereas, steel has iron and carbon.
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, so it contains copper. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, so it contains copper. Duralumin is mainly aluminium with small amounts of copper, magnesium, and manganese.

Distilled water

Reason — Distilled water is a pure substance, consisting of only H₂O molecules without any dissolved salts, minerals, or impurities.

Honey

Reason — Honey is a mixture of water and sugar.
Sugar (sucrose) is a pure compound, not a mixture. Common salt and iron sulphide are compounds.

1. Mixtures — Air, milk, tea, honey, soil.
2. Compounds — Water, sugar, salt, alcohol, glucose.

Homogeneous mixture :

1. Salt solution
2. Alcohol and water
3. Air
4. Air dissolved in water
5. Sea water
6. Brass
7. Fruit juices

Heterogeneous mixture :

1. Petrol and water
2. Sand and charcoal
3. Mist

(a) Sand and water
Reason — Sand and water is a heterogeneous mixture, while the others are homogeneous mixtures.

(b) Salt and water
Reason — Salt and water is a homogeneous mixture, others form heterogeneous mixture.

(c) Milk
Reason — Milk is a mixture, whereas, iron sulphide, gold and water are pure substances.

(a) solid-solid :

1. Alloys
2. Sand and sugar

(b) solid-liquid :

1. Sand in water
2. Salt and water

(c) liquid-gas :

1. Mist
2. Carbon dioxide and water

(d) gas-gas :

1. Air
2. Helium and oxygen

(a) Brass — Copper and zinc.

(b) Duralumin — Aluminium, copper, magnesium and manganese.

(c) Tap water — Water, dissolved salts, dissolved gases, minerals

(d) Bronze — Copper, Tin and Zinc.

(a) Pure substances are either elements or compounds. They are homogeneous substances that contain the same kind of atoms or molecules and have a definite set of physical and chemical properties.

(b) A substance in which some other substances are also present in smaller or larger amounts is called a mixture or impure substance.

(c) A homogeneous (solid) mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal is called an alloy.
Example :

1. Brass: Copper + Zinc
2. Bronze: Copper + Tin + Zinc

(d) The homogeneous mixture of water (or any other solvent) and a substance soluble in it (solute) is called a solution.

(e) A mixture in which its constituents are not uniformly distributed throughout its volume and can easily be seen separately is called a heterogeneous mixture.

(f) A mixture in which its constituents are uniformly distributed throughout its volume and cannot be seen separately is called a homogeneous mixture.

The difference between pure substances and mixture are given below:

When a magnet is brought near a mixture of iron and sulphur, the iron filings being magnetic in nature are attracted by the magnet from the mixture leaving the sulphur behind.

Sugar solution is a mixture. In a mixture, the components are loosely held together and do not undergo any chemical change. Therefore, sugar and water retain their individual properties in a sugar solution.

Petrol and water form a heterogeneous mixture because they are immiscible liquids, they do not mix uniformly due to differences in their physical and chemical properties. Petrol floats on top of water, because the density of petrol is less than water.

In a mixture of iron and sulphur, the two substances are only physically mixed and retain their individual properties. Sulphur is still present as free sulphur, so it dissolves in carbon disulphide, leaving iron behind.
In iron sulphide, iron and sulphur are chemically combined to form a compound. Sulphur does not exist separately in iron sulphide, so it does not dissolve in carbon disulphide.

Four differences between compounds and mixtures are given below:

The difference between water and air are given below;

(a) Mixtures can be defined as impure substances which are formed by mixing two or more pure substances (elements and/or compounds) in any proportion such that, they do not undergo any chemical change and retain their individual properties.

(b) Four characteristics of a mixture :

1. A mixture consists of two or more substances mixed together without any chemical force acting on or between them.
2. Mixtures do not have any fixed composition, i.e. they can have their components in varying proportions.
3. In mixtures, components are loosely held together and they retain their individual properties.
4. A mixture has no definite set of properties.

loading

Reason — The process of helping fine solid particles in a solid-liquid mixture to settle faster, by adding a special chemical, is called loading or coagulation.
Sedimentation is the natural settling of particles at the bottom without adding any chemical. Decantation is the process of carefully pouring off the clear liquid after sedimentation. Filtration is the process of separating solids from liquids using a filter.

evaporation

Reason — Salt from sea water is separated by evaporation. Sea water is collected in shallow beds and allowed to evaporate in the sun. When all the water is evaporated, salt is left behind.
Sublimation is used for substances that directly change from solid to gas (like camphor), not for salt in water. Magnetic separation is used to separate magnetic materials like iron, not salt. Filtration cannot separate dissolved substances like salt from water.

boiling

Reason — A mixture of gas in liquid can be separated by heating or boiling. Dissolved gas escapes from the liquid on heating or boiling.
Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids, not dissolved gases. Magnet works only for magnetic materials like iron. Sublimation is used for solids that directly convert into gas, not for dissolved gases.

sublimation

Reason — Camphor can be separated from a mixture of sand and camphor by sublimation. The camphor sublimes and escapes as vapour, while the sand is left behind.
Filtration is used for separating solids from liquids, not two solids. Evaporation is used to separate dissolved solids from liquids, not solid-solid mixtures. Winnowing is used to separate lighter and heavier solids using air (like husk and grains), not suitable here.

immiscible liquids

Reason — A separating funnel is a laboratory tool used to separate immiscible liquids. The denser liquid settles at the bottom, and the lighter one floats on top. When we open the stopcock, the bottom layer drains first, effectively separating the two.
Miscible liquids mix completely (like alcohol and water), so they cannot be separated using a separating funnel. Sugar is dissolved in water, so this requires evaporation, not a separating funnel. This is a solid-liquid mixture and can be separated by filtration.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as mixtures cannot be represented by any chemical symbol or formula.
R is true because mixtures do not have a fixed composition or a definite set of properties. Hence, the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as sublimation is a process where a solid directly changes into vapour without becoming liquid.
R is true as camphor and iodine can sublime.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Reason — A is true as air shows the properties of its constituent gases (like oxygen supports combustion, nitrogen is inert, etc.).
R is true as air is a mixture.

Therefore, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A is the correct option.

A is true and R is false.

Reason — A is true as an insoluble solid in a liquid (a heterogeneous mixture) can be separated by filtration.
R is false as the substance left on the filter paper is called the residue, while the liquid that passes through is called the filtrate.

Therefore, A is true and R is false is the correct option.

(a) The substances that make a mixture are called its components or constituents.

(b) Evaporation is a process to separate solids dissolved in liquids.

(c) Mist is a heterogeneous mixture of droplets of water and air.

(d) Clay is separated from water by the method of filtration.

(e) When cereals are washed before cooking, water is separated from the cereals by decantation.

(f) Evaporation is a process to obtain a very pure form of a solid dissolved in a liquid.

(g) Ammonium chloride can be separated from common salt by the method of sublimation.

(h) The solid particles which remain on the filter paper are called residue and the liquid which passes through it is called filtrate.

(i) The process of transferring the clear liquid above the solid particles which settle at the bottom of the container is known as decantation.

(j) Filtration is a method used for the separation of an insoluble solid from a solid-liquid mixture.

(a) True

(b) False
Correct Statement — A mixture has no fixed composition, i.e. it is formed by mixing two or more substances in any ratio without any chemical reaction.

(c) False
Correct Statement — Common salt is separated from its solution in water by evaporation.

(d) False
Correct Statement — Winnowing removes lighter husk from heavier grains, whereas, small stones are removed by hand picking or sieving.

(e) True

(f) False
Correct Statement — Air can be separated from water by heating or boiling.

(g) True

(h) False
Correct Statement — Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

(a) Residue

(b) Crystals

(c) Sediment

(d) Supernatant liquid

(e) Winnowing

(a) Solvent extraction method

(b) Magnetic separation

(c) Winnowing

(d) Evaporation

(e) Sieving

(f) Sublimation

(g) Evaporation

(a) EVAPORATION

(b) DISTILLATION

(c) FILTRATION

(d) SIEVING

(a) Two substances which can sublime :

1. Camphor
2. Naphthalene

(b) Two substances soluble in water :

1. Sugar
2. Salt

(c) Two substances insoluble in water :

1. Sand
2. Sawdust

(d) Four substances used as filters :

1. Layer of sand
2. Charcoal
3. Cotton
4. Filter paper

(a) Rice and husk

(b) Chalk powder and water

(c) Salt and sea water

(a) The process of separating insoluble solid particles from a liquid by allowing it to pass through a filter is called filtration.

(b) The process in which a solid changes directly into its vapour on heating without changing into its liquid state is called sublimation.

(c) Evaporation is the process of converting a liquid into its vapour state, either by exposing it to air or by heating.

(d) The settling down of suspended, insoluble, heavy solid particles in a solid-liquid mixture when left undisturbed is called sedimentation.

(e) The process of pouring out the clear liquid, without disturbing the sediment, is called decantation.

(f) Distillation is the method of getting a pure liquid from a solution by evaporating and then condensing the vapours.

We need pure substances because of the following reasons :

1. Impurities in food, water, or cosmetics can cause allergic reactions, poisoning, or contamination.
2. Pure substances have fixed boiling and melting points, making them reliable for calibration and standards. Whereas, mixtures often have variable physical properties.
3. Pure substances have a known chemical composition, which is critical when calculating concentrations, dosages, or reactions.
4. In industries like pharmaceuticals, electronics, and food production, impurities can ruin a product or make it unsafe.

Handpicking is used when the undesirable particles to be separated should be large enough in size, or may be coloured. But, in case of mixture of sand and sawdust, both the substance are of almost same colour and sawdust has very fine particles, so it is hard to separate them by hand picking.

In magnetic separation, a magnet is moved over the mixture of iron and sulphur, iron being magnetic in nature gets attracted to the magnet and is separated.

Water from a river contains very fine clay particles. To make them settle at a faster rate, a chemical substance called alum in powdered form is added to such mixtures. It dissolves in water and forms clusters with clay and dust particles making them heavier and, increasing the rate of sedimentation.

(a) The parts shown as A, B, and C indicate the following:
A → Liquid
B → Evaporating dish
C → Bunsen burner

(b) Evaporation is depicted in the given picture.

(c) Homogeneous solid-liquid mixture is separated by this method.

(d) Evaporation can be made faster by heating.

(e) In evaporation process, the solvent is lost to the environment in vapour form.

(a) The mixture formed is a heterogeneous mixture. Rice grains, small stones and salt are not uniformly mixed and can be seen separately before water is added.

(b)Stones can be separated by handpicking.
This method works because stones are visibly different in size, shape, and color from rice grains.

(c) When water is added, the salt dissolves in water forming a salt solution, while the rice grains remain undissolved and settle down.

(d) Rice can be separated from water by decantation (pouring off the water).

(e) The dissolved salt can be recovered by evaporation. When the solution is heated or left to evaporate, water evaporates and the salt remains behind as a solid.