The United Nations

1945

Reason — The United Nations Organisation was set up on 24 October 1945, after the Second World War, to end wars, maintain permanent peace, and promote the economic and cultural development of mankind

New York

Reason — The headquarters of the United Nations Organisation are situated at New York city in the U.S.A.

They are both nominated by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council.

Reason — The judges of the International Court of Justice are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council voting separately, and that the Chief Justice (President) is elected for three years. The President and Vice-President are chosen by the judges of the Court from among themselves, not separately nominated by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Hence statement (2) is incorrect.

9 years

Reason — The judges of the International Court of Justice work for a term of nine years and may be re-elected.

General Assembly on the recommendation of Security Council

Reason — The Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

Japan

Reason — The five permanent members of the Security Council are the U.S.A., Russia, England (Britain), France and China. Japan is not among them, so it is not a permanent member.

General Assembly

Reason — The ten non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years.

The UNO shall intervene in the internal affairs of a country.

Reason — According to its principles, the U.N.O. will not intervene in the internal affairs of a country. Therefore, intervening in a country's internal affairs is not a principle of the U.N.O.

2 years

Reason — The ten non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected by the General Assembly for a period of two years.

Q and R

Reason — The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security and formulating plans for the regulation of armaments. It does not appoint judges of the Supreme Courts of member countries or declare war or peace on any country.

(B) is the reason for (A)

Explanation — The International Court of Justice is the chief court of the U.N.O. Its main function is to settle disputes between nations through peaceful means. Therefore, statement (B) explains statement (A).

General Assembly

Reason — The ten non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected by the members of the General Assembly.

Permanent members have the Veto Power.

Reason — Veto power refers to the Security Council, not the General Assembly. The five permanent members of the Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) do have veto power over substantive decisions.

Disengage

Reason — Disengagement, meaning to withdraw or detach, is contrary to the UN’s objective of fostering collaboration and resolving conflicts.

Japan

Reason — VETO power is enjoyed by the permanent members of the UN. Since, Japan is not the permanent member of the UN, it does not enjoy VETO power.

The U.N.O. was established at the San Francisco Conference held in San Francisco (U.S.A.) in June 1945. It came into existence on 24 October 1945, when its Charter came into force.

Two objectives of the U.N.O are:

1. To maintain international peace and security.
2. To develop friendly relations among nations.

Two organs of the U.N.O. are:

1. The General Assembly
2. The Security Council

Two principles of the U.N.O. are:

1. The U.N.O. is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
2. All member-nations will not make use of threat and violence in their international relations.

The General Assembly is the chief deliberative organ of the U.N.O. It is regarded as the Parliament of Nations because all member countries are represented in it. It discusses important international issues and makes recommendations for maintaining international peace and cooperation.

The Security Council consists of 15 members, out of which five are permanent members, while the remaining ten are non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for 2 years.

The term of office of the non-permanent members of the Security Council is two years.

The International Court of Justice is the chief judicial organ of the U.N.O. It consists of 15 judges elected for a term of nine years. Its main function is to settle disputes between nations by peaceful means. It also gives advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by the General Assembly, the Security Council and other U.N. agencies.

The special power enjoyed by the permanent members is the veto power. The negative vote of a permanent member is called a veto. If any one of the five permanent members casts a negative vote on a matter, the Security Council is powerless to act on it, even if all the other members are in favour. However, abstention from voting does not amount to a veto. Thus, a single permanent member can block any decision, which strongly impacts the decision-making of the Council.

League of Nations was formed as a consequence of World War I and the United Nations Organisation (UNO) was formed as a consequence of World War II.

(a) Each country can send five delegates to the General Assembly.

(b) Decisions on important questions require a two-thirds majority, while decisions on ordinary matters are made by a simple majority.

(c) Two functions of the General Assembly are:

1. To discuss matters relating to international peace and security.
2. To consider and approve the budgets of the U.N.O. and its specialised agencies.

(a) Composition of the General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the United Nations, comprising all 193 member states, each with one vote. It is considered as the parliament of the U.N.O.

Composition of the Security Council
The Security Council has 15 members. The U.S.A., Russia, England, France and China are the permanent members. The remaining 10 non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for 2 years.

(b) Functions of the General Assembly

1. To discuss matters relating to international peace and security.
2. To promote international cooperation in economic, social, educational, cultural and health fields.
3. To promote the development and codification of international law.
4. To promote cooperation in the realisation of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.
5. To promote friendly relations among nations.
6. To discuss and make recommendations on any question affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the U.N.O.
7. To consider and approve the budgets of the U.N.O. and its specialised agencies.
8. To appoint the Secretary General at the recommendation of the Security Council.

Functions of the Security Council
The functions of the Security Council are given below:

1. To maintain international peace and security.
2. To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction.
3. To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement.
4. To formulate plans for the regulation of armaments.
5. To determine the existence of a threat to peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken.
6. To call on the members to apply economic sanctions and other measures to prevent or stop aggressions.
7. To take military action against an aggressor.
8. To recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary General.

(a) The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges. The judges work for a term of nine years and may be re-elected. The Chief Justice is elected from among them for three years.

(b) The main functions of the International Court of Justice are:

1. To settle mutual disputes among different nations by peaceful methods.
2. Disputes regarding treaties, international law, interpretation of agreements or legal questions.
3. ICJ also advises the General Assembly, the Security Council, and other agencies of the U.N.O. on legal matters.

(a) The given emblem is associated with the United Nations Organisation (U.N.O.).

(b) Three principles of the U.N.O. are given below:

1. The U.N.O. is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
2. Each member-nation should settle the disputes by peaceful means so that peace, security and justice in the world are not disturbed.
3. The U.N.O. will not intervene in the internal affairs of a country.

(c) The principal judicial organ of the United Nations Organisation is the International Court of Justice.

Composition of the International Court of Justice — The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council voting separately. No two judges can belong to the same country. The judges are elected for a term of nine years and may be re-elected. The Chief Justice is elected for a term of three years.