Short Answer Questions

Three exclusive powers of the Lok Sabha are as follows:

1. Motions of No-Confidence against the government can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha, and not the Rajya Sabha.
2. Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated on for upto 14 days.
3. In case of a deadlock between the two Houses over an ordinary bill, the will of the Lok Sabha normally prevails, as its strength is more than double that of Rajya Sabha.

Three ways in which Parliament exercises control over the Executive are given below:

1. Interpellation during Question Hour
2. By passing Vote of No-confidence
3. Through Monetary Controls

The Lok Adalat plays an important role as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism. Three advantages are:

1. Saves time — It settles disputes speedily; if hundreds of cases can be decided in a single day, much precious time is saved.
2. Saves money — It delivers inexpensive justice, sparing the parties the heavy expenses and long delays of regular litigation.
3. Reduces burden on regular courts — By settling large numbers of cases, it relieves the regular law courts of much of their heavy load, enabling them to deal with more serious matters.

Three ways in which India's wealth was being diverted to England are given below:

1. Heavy land taxes — The peasants suffered under heavy land taxes and many of them were forced to grow jute and cotton for the factories in England.
2. Unequal trade — Raw material was exported to England at cheaper rates, while goods manufactured in England were dumped into India and sold at higher prices.
3. High salaries of British officers — The British officers working in India drew high salaries and were, therefore, a heavy drain on the Indian resources.

Civil Disobedience Movement.

Two significant impacts of the Civil Disobedience Movement were:

1. It marked greater participation of women in politics, inspiring many to step out and join the freedom struggle.
2. It inspired the youth to follow Gandhi's path of non-violence in the freedom struggle instead of using violence as a political weapon.

The British Empire deindustrialised India in the following ways:

1. Destruction of Handicrafts — Heavy duties were imposed on Indian goods exported to Britain, while British manufactured goods entered India at very low duties. This made Indian handicrafts uncompetitive.

2. Import of Machine-made Goods — Cheap, machine-made British goods flooded Indian markets, causing the decline of traditional industries and ruining many artisans and weavers.

3. Lack of Industrial Development — The British did little to promote or modernise Indian industries. India was mainly developed as a supplier of raw materials and a market for British finished goods.

4. Loss of Livelihood — Displaced artisans and craftsmen were forced to depend on agriculture, increasing pressure on land and rural poverty.

5. Commercialisation of Agriculture — Cultivation of cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium was encouraged to meet the needs of British industries, strengthening India’s dependence on the British economy.

The composition of the 389 member constituent assembly would be as under:

1. 296 members to be elected from the British provinces
2. 93 members to be elected from the Princely States.

The members of the Constituent Assembly would be elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. Adult suffrage (all eligible voters voting) for this was ruled out to avoid delay in the making of the Constitution.

The Second Round Table conference was held in London in 1931. It was attended by Gandhiji as the sole representative of the Congress.

The demands raised during this conference were separate electorates for not only the Muslims but also the Depressed Classes, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

The question of Independence or setting up of a responsible Government receded into the background. The British Government refused to concede the immediate grant of dominion status.

Impact of the Quit India Movement —

1. It revealed the intensity of nationalist sentiment and the people's readiness for struggle and sacrifice on a large scale.
2. It made it clear that British rule could not continue without Indian consent, forcing the issue of independence to the forefront.
3. The movement saw widespread participation from all sections of society—students, workers, peasants, women, and the youth.
4. It strengthened the Congress Socialist Party because of its heroic role in the movement. It's leader Jai Prakash Narayan became a legendary figure.
5. Most importantly, it firmly established complete independence as the non-negotiable goal of the freedom struggle.

Three ways in which Germany was affected by this treaty are:

1. The area of the Rhine Valley was to be demilitarised, and the German territory west of the Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years.
2. The coal mines in the German area called Saar were ceded to France for 15 years, and the area was to be governed by the League of Nations.
3. The German Army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and submarines were banned.

Three objectives of Non-Aligned Movement are:

1. To eliminate all those causes which could lead to war.
2. To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
3. To oppose the use of force and the use of nuclear weapons.

One exclusive power enjoyed by the permanent members of the UN Security Council that impacts the decision-making by the Council is Veto power. The negative vote of a permanent member is called a veto. The Council is powerless to act if any of the five permanent members uses the veto power.

The two higher courts of our country are the Supreme Court and the High Court.

(a) Qualification

Supreme Court : A Judge of the Supreme Court must be a citizen of India and must have been a Judge of a High Court for at least five years, or an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years, or a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.

High Court : A Judge of a High Court must be a citizen of India and must have worked as a judge in any court in India for not less than ten years, or must have worked as an advocate in the High Court or High Courts in India continuously for ten years.

(b) Age of retirement

Supreme Court : A Judge of the Supreme Court retires on attaining the age of 65 years.

High Court : A Judge of a High Court retires on attaining the age of 62 years.

(c) One example of each of their Original Jurisdiction

Supreme Court : A dispute between the Government of India and one or more States can be brought directly before the Supreme Court.

High Court : A case relating to State revenue and its collection can be brought directly before the High Court.

(a) Lal Bahadur Shastri's resignation reflects Individual Responsibility. This is because he was himself in charge of the Railway and Transport Ministry and not the entire Council of Ministers.

(b) Two important differences between Individual and Collective Responsibility are as follows:

When neither of the two Houses of the Parliament of India is in session, the President can promulgate an Ordinance.
The Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister prepares and advises the President to issue the Ordinance.
The two Houses of Parliament must approve the Ordinance within six weeks from the date the Parliament re-assembles, otherwise it ceases to operate.