4(ii)
Distinguish between the following:
(a) Hydronium ion and ammonium ion based on their lone pair of electrons.
(b) Solutions of calcium chloride and calcium nitrate using aqueous silver nitrate.
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(a)
| Hydronium ion (H3O+) | Ammonium ion (NH4+) |
|---|---|
| It has one lone pair of electrons (on the oxygen atom). | It has no lone pair of electrons; all four electron pairs are bonded. |
(b)
| Calcium chloride | Calcium nitrate |
|---|---|
| On adding silver nitrate solution, a white precipitate of silver chloride is formed. | On adding silver nitrate solution, no precipitate is formed (no visible change). |
CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ⟶ 2AgCl ↓ [white ppt.] + Ca(NO3)2