Population

1. Tool making revolution
2. Agricultural revolution
3. Scientific industrial revolution

1. Discovery of Antibiotics
2. Discovery of Vaccination

S-shaped curve

Factors which have contributed to a rapid rise of human population in recent times in the world are:

1. Better health care
2. Fewer deaths due to better medical aids.
3. Green revolution minimised food shortages.
4. Improved nutrition.
5. Large scale immunisation.
6. Fewer infant deaths.

(a) 238 millions

(b) 1027 millions

(i) True

(ii) False
Corrected Statement — Rising population is leading to decreased coverage of land for raising forests.

(iii) False
Corrected Statement — Coal and iron are exhaustible resources.

(i) Public conveyances like buses and railways are necessities.

(ii) Many sets of garments per member in a family is fashion.

(iii) Petroleum is a resource of the same category as that of copper.

(i) Demography

(ii) Death rate or Mortality

(iii) Birth rate or Natality

(iv) Growth rate of population

Three consequences of high population density are:

1. per capita income comes down
2. natural resources like land, minerals, wood, fuel, etc decrease.
3. general health goes down.

Five major disadvantages of having large families are:

1. Economic pressure
2. Ill health of mother
3. Less attention to children
4. Poor housing
5. Malnutrition

The age restrictions for marriage for boys is 21 years and for girls is 18 years.

The three aspects covered under family welfare are:

1. Family planning in terms of having a small family.
2. Total welfare of the small family, including the diet and nutrition of the child and pregnant mother.
3. Subsequent care of the children, like immunisation and oral rehydration therapy, to ensure survival of the young ones

(i) False
Corrected Statement — Some hormones prevent the release of the egg from the ovary.

(ii) True

(iii) False
Corrected Statement — IUDs prevent implantation of embryo in uterus.

(iv) True

MTP stands for Medical Termination of Pregnancy.

It is recommended in case of serious genetic disease or if the couple does not want to have the child. It is only permitted within 5 months of pregnancy.

Demography

Reason — Demography is the statistical study of human population with reference to size and density, distribution etc.

Fallopian tube

Reason — Surgical method of sterilization in women involves cutting and tying of fallopian tube which does not allow eggs to pass to uterus.

Exponential population growth

Reason — When the number of individuals added to the population exceeds the number of individuals lost, there is exponential population growth.

Red inverted triangle

Reason — The symbol of family welfare is a red inverted triangle as shown below:

per 1000 people per year

Reason — Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 of population per year.

Better healthcare

Reason — Better healthcare facilities lead to decreased death rate and hence increase in population.

Petroleum energy

Reason — Petroleum energy is a conventional source of energy.

Natality

Reason — Birth rate is technically termed as natality.

Fossil fuels

Reason — Fossil fuels are exhaustible source of energy.

21 years, 18 years

Reason — The age restrictions for marriage by law for boys and girls in India is 21 years and 18 years respectively.

Solar energy is non-conventional and renewable

Reason — Solar energy is a non-conventional source of energy and is renewable because it is obtained from the Sun, which is a continuous source of energy.

Both A and R are False.

Explanation
Population density is the number of individuals per square kilometer. It gives an idea of average number of individuals of a species living in an area.

Both A and R are False.

Explanation
Tubectomy, also known as female sterilization, is a surgical procedure that involves blocking or sealing a woman’s fallopian tubes to prevent the eggs from reaching the uterus. It is a permanent method of contraception.

A is False and R is True.

Explanation
Fossil fuels are non-renewable or conventional sources of energy. They are limited in amount.

Demography

1. Vasectomy (For Male)
2. Tubectomy (For Female)

(a) True

(b) False
Corrected statement — In tubectomy, fallopian tubes are cut or ligated i.e. tied with nylon thread to close the passage of the egg.

(c) False
Corrected statement — Dog was the first domesticated animal.

(d) True

(e) False
Corrected statement — Present human population growth is following geometrical progression.

(f) False
Corrected statement — Birth rate (natality) is the number of live births per 1000 people of population per year.

(g) False
Corrected statement — Vasectomy is a popular surgical method of contraception in human males.

Two advantages of small family are:

1. With fewer children, the parents could save enough for the children's education. They can provide the best possible education for their children.
2. With fewer family members and less to spend, a small family has better savings for the future. It would help them in building a house, buy a car.

The three major landmarks in human history which contributed to the sudden rise in population of the world were:

1. Tool making revolution.
2. Agricultural revolution.
3. Scientific industrial revolution.

The department which plays a significant role in controlling population and is committed to provide advice and help about family planning is known as Family Welfare Centre Department. These places could be any hospitals, dispensaries, etc. The inverted red triangle as shown below is the symbol of family welfare in India.

Yes, there could be a corresponding operation made in women. The name of the surgical procedure in females is 'tubectomy'. In tubectomy, the abdomen is opened and the fallopian tubes (oviducts) are cut or ligated i.e. tied with nylon thread to close the passage of the egg. Diagram showing the procedure of tubectomy is shown below:

(a) IUDs — Intra-Uterine Devices

(b) MTP — Medical Termination of Pregnancy

Poverty and the lack of access to education leads to higher birthrates and overpopulation. Rapid population growth is likely to reduce per capita income growth and well being, which tends to increase poverty. Poverty is believed to be the leading cause of overpopulation. Poverty and population have been closely linked ever since the world faced changes due to the major revolutions. Poverty has its own effects on the population and vice versa. Poverty prevails because of illiteracy and traditional beliefs in the economically weaker strata. Since illiteracy and traditional beliefs prevail in the people from this stratum, they regard children as gift of God and a sign of prosperity. They consider children to be helping hands in increasing the family income, hence they keep producing more children forgetting that their current situation would do no good for the children and they would add more to this already overburdened poverty strata. Hence, the population keeps on rising and so does poverty. As the population increases the quality of life goes down.

Two reasons for the rapid increase of population in India are:

1. Illiteracy — Most of the rural population which forms the bulk of our society is still illiterate, ignorant and superstitious. They also do not know the functioning of the human reproductive system.
2. Traditional Beliefs — Among the people from lower strata of the society, children are regarded as a gift of God and a sign of prosperity. Therefore, they make no effort to avoid pregnancy.

(a) Death rate : Mortality :: Birth rate : Natality

(b) Tubectomy : Oviduct :: Vasectomy : Vas deferens

(c) Intrauterine device : Copper-T :: Oral pills: Mala-D

(d) Barrier method : Diaphragms :: Surgical method : Tubectomy

(e) Cutting down of forests : Deforestation :: Planting more trees: Afforestation

(a) Population — A population is defined as a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area.

(b) Population density — It is the number of individuals per square kilometre (km²) at any given time.

(c) Demography — It is the statistical study of human population specifically with reference to size and density, distribution and other vital statistics.

(d) Resources — Resource is any substance (natural or artificial), energy or organism which is used by humans for their welfare.

(e) Growth rate of population — It is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate. As long as the birth rate exceeds the death rate, the population grows. If the birth rate is lower than the death rate, the population declines.

(a) Difference between exhaustible and inexhaustible resources —

(b) Difference between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy —

(c) Difference between natality and mortality:

(d) Difference between tubectomy and vasectomy —

(e) Difference between deforestation and afforestation —

The 3Rs in the context of sustainable development are Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

Reduction of excessive use of natural resources.

Recycling and reuse of resources wherever possible.

More use of renewable resources such as solar energy, wind power,etc.

Three examples which show that our resources cannot keep pace with the rising population are explained below:

1. Food — Food is among the most important need for humans. Although humans have been discovering better improved methods of food production still the rate of food production doesn't match the rate of population growth. Production of food rises by arithmetic progression whereas population grows by geometric progression. This indicates that food would be running short for the unchecked rising population.
2. Water — Availability of clean and germ-free water for drinking purposes would be more and more scarce with increase in population; the reason would be mainly, the pollution of rivers, ponds, lakes etc.
3. Land — Man is bringing more and more land under cultivation and also using up land for building more residential colonies, factories and industries. Usable land would thus become less and less available.

It is necessary that the people should be educated about the need to limit the population and about the steps which can be taken in this direction —

1. Married couples should be educated to delay the birth of their first child, to space the second with a sufficient interval for proper upbringing and to stop the third. They should also be educated to adopt family planning methods by which they can prevent pregnancy after two children. These include devices for both men and women, for example — Condoms, intrauterine devices (IUD) and oral pills.
2. The orthodox view, to have at least one son especially in Indian society, should be modified with education. People should be educated that their greed for a son can lead to numerous children in the household which would worsen both their family's health and wealth. They should focus on proper upbringing of the child, be it a son or a daughter.

Population explosion refers to the rapid and massive rise in the world population that has occurred over the last few hundred years. It began in the middle of the nineteenth century. Two-thirds of the present world population belongs to the developing nations where more than half the people live below the poverty line. The effects of this population increase are evident in increasing poverty, unemployment, air and water pollution, and shortage of food, health resources, and educational resources. Some of the reasons for this population explosion are poverty, lack of family planning knowledge, certain superstitions, better medical facilities, and immigration from the neighbouring countries. For developing countries like India, population explosion is a curse and is damaging the development of the country and its society.

(a) Rate of growth of population of country B has declined between years 1981 and 1991

(b) The country B shows negative population growth between years 1981 and 1991

(c) The country B shows zero population growth between years 1971 and 1981.

(a) The parts 1 to 5 are labelled below:

• 1 → Sperm duct / Vas deferens
• 2 → Testis / Seminiferous tubule
• 3 → Oviduct / Fallopian tube
• 4 → Uterus
• 5 → Ovary

(b) Figure A depicts Vasectomy

(c) Figure B depicts Tubectomy

(d) P is the cut part of vas deferens while Q is the cut part of the oviduct. A small piece of oviduct in females and vas deferens in males is cut and then the remaining portions are ligated as a part of the contraceptive process of tubectomy and vasectomy respectively.

(e) One function each of part 2 and 4 is mentioned below:

• Part 2 (Testes) — They produce the sperm cells or sperms by the process of spermatogenesis.
• Part 4 (Uterus) — It's function is to nourish and house a fertilized egg until the fetus, or offspring, is ready to be delivered.

(a) Kishan can undergo vasectomy.

(b) Yes, Malti can undergo a permanent surgical method called tubectomy.

(c) Vasectomy is preferred over tubectomy because it is a simpler surgical procedure, takes less time, and is safer than tubectomy.

(a) Two main factors responsible for population explosion are:

1. Illiteracy as people lack awareness about family planning.
2. Desire for a male child due to social, cultural and economic reasons.

(b) It is necessary to adopt population control measures as:

1. An increasing population leads to overexploitation of natural resources.
2. It causes food shortage, poverty, and pressure on available resources.

(c) Two commonly used Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs) in India are:

1. Copper-T
2. Lippe's Loop